ROLE OF REAL TIME PCR (RT-PCR) IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS FOR COVID-19 REVIEW

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has compelled scientists to create highly reliable diagnostic tools quickly in order to successfully and properly diagnose this pathology and thereby prevent infection transmission. Even though structural and molecular properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) were previously unknown, private research institutes and biomedical firms quickly developed numerous diagnostic procedures beneficial for making a correct detection of COVID19. Rapid antigen or antibody testing, immunoenzymatic serological tests, and RT-PCR based molecular assays are the most frequently used and validated procedures now available. The PCR has grown in popularity in molecular diagnostics to the point where it is still considered the gold standard for finding nucleotides from a variety of sources becoming an indispensable tool in the research lab. Because of its improved speed, sensitivity, reproducibility, and lower likelihood of carry-over contamination, real-time PCR has gained greater popularity. Currently, five different chemistries are employed to detect PCR product during real-time PCR. The self- fluorescing amplicons, DNA binding fluorophores, 5? endonuclease, neighbouring linear and hairpin oligoprobes, and self-fluorescing amplicons are all detailed in depth. We also go through the problems that have hampered the development of multiplex real-time PCR and the importance of real-time PCR in nucleic acid quantification.

ROLE OF DNA REPAIR IN AGING AND MALIGNANCY

DNA repair enzymes are proteins that detect and repair physical damage to DNA induced by radiation, ultraviolet light, or reactive oxygen species. The repair of DNA damage prevents the loss of genetic information, the creation of double-strand breaks, and the formation of DNA crosslinks. The time-dependent reduction of functional properties is known as aging. Mitochondrial malfunction and the buildup of genetic damage are two common factors of aging. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair machinery isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair enzymes isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. The large number of alterations per cell, which can reach 105, has been identified as a driving mechanism in oncogenesis. These findings show that abnormalities in the DNA repair pathway contribute to the senescence as well as cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), double-strand break repair, mismatch repair (MMR), are all major DNA repair processes in mammalian cells. BER excises mostly oxidative and alkylation DNA damage, NER removes bulky, helix-distorting lesions from DNA (e.g., ultraviolet (UV) photodimers), MMR corrects replication errors

REVIEW ON STRUCTURE, PATHOGENECITY, TRANSMISSIBILITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN PATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUSES

Coronaviruses cause animal and human respiratory and bowel infections. They have not been deemed highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong province, China. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that can infect both animals and humans. Coronaviruses didn't just appear recently. They are large family of viruses that have been around for a long time. Formerly, coronaviruses (CoVs) were seen as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates among human populations as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier. Now the recent detection of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), added a new member in corona virus family.The novel coronavirus (COVID 19) is one of the member of coronavirus family which infect human. Scientists have divided coronaviruses into four sub- groupings, called alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Seven of these viruses can infect people. The four common coronaviruses are-229E(alpha), NL63(alpha), OC43(beta), HKU1(beta). The three less-common coronaviruses are- MERS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV-2. Our main target is to describe the the structure, Pathogenecity, Transmissibility and Epidemiology of above mentioned subgroups of corona viruses in our review

Induction of secondary metabolites on nanoparticles stress in callus culture of Artemisia annua L / Indução de metabólitos secundários no estresse de nanopartículas em cultura de calos de Artemisia annua L

Nanoparticles are known bio elicitors in plant biotechnology. Different concentrations of ZnO, CuO and CoO nanoparticles were used for the enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in the callus derived from root, shoot and leaf of Artemisia annua L. Biomass of callus was somehow affected on high concentrations of Nps. Phenolic content was observed maximum (60µg) in shoot callus at 0.1mg/l of CuONps. Total antioxidant activity was observed maximum (33µg) in root callus at 0.1mg/l of ZnOnps. Total reducing power maximum (33µg) was observed in root callus at concentration of 0.05 mg/l of CoONps. Maximum radical scavenging activity was observed in shoot callus at 0.05mg/l of ZnONps. Rutin gallic acid and caffic acid were also determined in most of the samples by HPLC. The study concludes that different Nps have positive effect on the induction of secondary metabolites in A.annua plant.

Nanopartículas são bio-elicitores conhecidos em biotecnologia de plantas. Diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas de ZnO, CuO e CoO foram usadas para o acúmulo aumentado de metabólitos secundários e atividades antioxidantes no calo derivado da raiz, parte aérea e folha de Artemisiaannua L. A biomassa do calo foi de alguma forma afetada em altas concentrações de Nps. O conteúdo fenólico foi observado no máximo (60 µg) no calo da parte aérea a 0,1 mg / l de CuONps. A atividade antioxidante total foi observada no máximo (33µg) no calo radicular a 0,1mg / l de ZnOnps. O poder de redução total máximo (33µg) foi observado no calo radicular na concentração de 0,05 mg / l de CoONps. Atividade máxima de eliminação de radicais foi observada no calo da parte aérea a 0,05mg / l de ZnONps. O ácido rutina-gálico e o ácido caffic também foram determinados na maioria das amostras por HPLC. O estudo conclui que diferentes Nps têm efeito positivo na indução de metabólitos secundários na planta de A.annua.

Prevalencia de dislipidemias en la región capital: resultados preliminares del estudio EVESCAM / Prevalence of dyslipidemias in the capital region: preliminary results of the EVESCAM study

Las dislipidemias son un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se desconoce la prevalencia actual de dislipidemias en la región Capital de Venezuela. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en adultos de la región capital evaluados en el estudio EVESCAM. Métodos: Estudio poblacional, observacional, transversal de muestreo aleatorio poliestratificado por conglomerados. Se evaluaron 7 comunidades de la Región Capital desde julio de 2015 hasta enero de 2016: El Retiro; Miranda Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y rural: Guatire: La Candelaria. Participaron 416 sujetos desde los 20 años de edad. Los puntos de corte para definir las dislipidemias fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia: colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dL; hipertrigliceridemia: triglicéridos (TG) ≥ 150 mg/dL; hipercolesterolemia: colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dL; colesterol LDL elevado: colesterol LDL ≥ de 130 mg/dL; dislipidemia aterogénica: TG ≥ 150 mg/dL más colesterol HDL bajo (mujeres: < 40 mg/dl y hombres: < 50 mg/dl). Las frecuencias se expresaron en porcentajes y se aplicó el estadístico Chi cuadrado, un valor de p < 0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La dislipidemia con mayor prevalencia fue la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (67.1%) seguida de la LDLc elevada (20%), hipercolesterolemia (17,1%), hipertrigliceridemia (12,0%) y por último dislipidemia aterogenica (9,4%). La hipoalfalipoproteinemia, fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres (81,6% y 60,8%; respectivamente, p < 0,001) presentándose con mayor prevalencia en el grupo etario de 20 a 40 años al contrario del resto de las dislipidemias. Conclusión: La hipoalfalipoproteinemia persiste como la dislipidemia más prevalente de la región(AU)

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The current prevalence of dyslipidemias in the Capital Region of Venezuela is unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in adults from the capital region of Venezuela evaluated in the EVESCAM study. Methods: apopulation based, observational, cross-sectional, and cluster sampling study was desing. Seven communities from the Capital Region were evaluated from July 2015 to January 2016: El Retiro; Miranda- Chacao: Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y Rural: Guatire: Candelaria. 416 subjects were included. Dyslipidemias was define as hypoalphalipoproteinemia: HDL cholesterol <40 mg/ dL; hypertriglyceridemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL; High LDL cholesterol: ≥ 130 mg/dL; therogenic dyslipidemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg / dL and low HDL cholesterol (women: <40 mg / dl and men: <50 mg / dl). The frequencies were expressed as percentages and Chi-square test was applied to assess differences. The level of statistical significance accepted was a p-value < 0.05. Results: The most prevalent dyslipidemia was hypoalphalipoproteinemia (67.1%) followed by elevated LDLc (20%), hypercholesterolemia (17.1%), hypertriglyceridemia (12.0%), and atherogenic dyslipidemia (9.4%). Hypoalphalipoproteinemia was higher in men than women (81.6% and 60.8%, respectively, p <0.001), with a higher prevalence at the age group of 20 to 40 years, unlike the rest of dyslipidemias. Conclusion: The hypoalphalipoproteinemia persists as the most prevalent dyslipidemia in the region(AU)

Induction of secondary metabolites on nanoparticles stress in callus culture of Artemisia annua L

Abstract Nanoparticles are known bio elicitors in plant biotechnology. Different concentrations of ZnO, CuO and CoO nanoparticles were used for the enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in the callus derived from root, shoot and leaf of Artemisia annua L. Biomass of callus was somehow affected on high concentrations of Nps. Phenolic content was observed maximum (60µg) in shoot callus at 0.1mg/l of CuONps. Total antioxidant activity was observed maximum (33µg) in root callus at 0.1mg/l of ZnOnps. Total reducing power maximum (33µg) was observed in root callus at concentration of 0.05 mg/l of CoONps. Maximum radical scavenging activity was observed in shoot callus at 0.05mg/l of ZnONps. Rutin gallic acid and caffic acid were also determined in most of the samples by HPLC. The study concludes that different Nps have positive effect on the induction of secondary metabolites in A.annua plant.

Resumo Nanopartículas são bio-elicitores conhecidos em biotecnologia de plantas. Diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas de ZnO, CuO e CoO foram usadas para o acúmulo aumentado de metabólitos secundários e atividades antioxidantes no calo derivado da raiz, parte aérea e folha de Artemisiaannua L. A biomassa do calo foi de alguma forma afetada em altas concentrações de Nps. O conteúdo fenólico foi observado no máximo (60 µg) no calo da parte aérea a 0,1 mg / l de CuONps. A atividade antioxidante total foi observada no máximo (33µg) no calo radicular a 0,1mg / l de ZnOnps. O poder de redução total máximo (33µg) foi observado no calo radicular na concentração de 0,05 mg / l de CoONps. Atividade máxima de eliminação de radicais foi observada no calo da parte aérea a 0,05mg / l de ZnONps. O ácido rutina-gálico e o ácido caffic também foram determinados na maioria das amostras por HPLC. O estudo conclui que diferentes Nps têm efeito positivo na indução de metabólitos secundários na planta de A.annua.

Manifestación inusual de carcinoma neuroendocrino de células no pequeñas / Unusual presentation of a neuroendocrine lung non small cells carcinoma

El dolor lumbar ocupa la primera causa de consulta por afección músculo-esquelética en el primer nivel de atención, siendo de suma importancia la enfermedad actual y los hallazgos al examen físico. Se presenta un caso clínico de un hombre de 60 años de edad con manifestaciones lumbares de alarma, al cual se le diagnosticó un carcinoma neuroendocrino de células no pequeñas de pulmón en etapa avanzada. Se discuten las características generales e histogénesis del tumor, así como las estrategias de tratamiento, teniendo en cuenta que esta enfermedad es infrecuente y representa un difícil diagnóstico(AU)

Lumbar pain is the first cause of consultation for musculoskeletal affections in the primary level of attention. The history and findings on physical examination are very important. We present a case of a sixty years-old man with lumbar alarming manifestations. He was diagnosed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma of non-small lung cells at an advanced stage. The assessment and histogenesis of the tumor are discussed, as well as the treatment strategies(AU)

Dermabrasion depigmentation for the treatment of gingival dyschromia caused by racial melanosis. A case report comparing two techniques

AIM: The aim of this paper is to describe a clinical case in which the patient's gingival melanin pigmentation was treated using diamond burs and scalpels. CASE REPORT: The present study describes a periodontal plastic surgery procedure to correct or improve the amount of gingival melanin pigmentation apparent on mandibular and maxillary arch of the patient. CONCLUSION: After the surgical procedure successfully performed, and considering the high degree of satisfaction of the patient, the author concluded that the studied technique is easy to perform and stands out because of the excellent results achieved.

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes, hepatic steatosis and their correlation with clinical and virological factors in Pakistan

Background: Due to the inherently unstable nature of HCV, various genotypes have been identified. Steatosis is a histological feature in the progression of HCV-associated liver disease and has been shown to alter the host lipid metabolism. Objective: Assess the distribution of HCV genotypes in the two provinces of Pakistan, and determine the association of hepatic steatosis with altered clinical and virological factors in chronic HCV patients. Methods: One hundred twenty six chronic HCV patients (steatosis in 49 patients) were enrolled for qualitative analysis by PCR. Out of 126 ELISA and PCR positive samples, 119 (48 with hepatic steatosis) chronic HCV patients (mean age 42.0±13.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 24.2±4.1) were proved positive after PCR-based detection. Biochemical and virological factors such as HCV genotype, or glucose, in 119 CHC patients were determined and compared between patients with and without hepatic steatosis. Results: Out of 126 samples, 119 were HCV positive, where 58 (48.7%) were genotype 3a, 24 (20.2%) were 3b, 12 (10.1%) were 1a, eight (6.7%) were 2a, six (5.0%) were 1b, and one (0.8%) was 4. Furthermore, seven (5.9%) had a co-infection and three (2.5%) were untypable. BMI (p=0.004), genotype 3a (p<0.001), and triglycerides (p=0.002) were significantly associated with steatosis. It is noteworthy that cholesterol (p=0.281), glucose (p=0.305), lowdensity lipoprotein (p=0.101), high-density lipoprotein (p=0.129), alanine amino transferase (p=0.099), aspartate transaminase (p=0.177), bilirubin (p= 0.882), and age (p=0.846) showed non-significant association. Conclusion: Genotype 3a is the predominant genotype in Pakistan. Hepatic steatosis is quite frequent feature in HCV patients and strongly correlates with BMI, genotype 3a, and triglyceride contents in patients infected with HCV.

Ventilatory functions in pregnancy.

The apparatus used was a dry bellows spirometer and a Wright's peak flow meter. Statistical analysis using the student's t test showed a significant reduction in peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity and first second forced expiratory volume in the third trimester compared to controls. Besides, mid-expiratory flow rates were significantly lower in the first trimester. Spirometric performance was reduced in all three trimesters when compared to controls, although values were within physiological limits. This reduction may assume importance in patients with associated diseases or those requiring surgery.